The Curious Engineer

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Sub-Etha Software

subethasoftware.com

Don't Panic! "In Support of the CoCo and OS-9 since 1990."

Retro computingAssemblyCElectronicsGeneral

’10’15’20’25
Posts
916 from 10 Feb 2007 to 22 Sep 2026
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weekly (112 in the last year)
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personal blog
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2026 95

  1. Felipe Antonioso “converts” a CoCo 2 to a CoCo 3
  2. Even Apple can’t stop useless A.I.
  3. JAlbum and 360-photos – not quite working yet…
  4. JAlbum supports 360-degree photos? Who knew!
  5. Varispeed CoCo emulator now online
  6. Insta360 selfie sticks – the video
  7. The CoCo “vocoder”
  8. Insta360+ cloud service hidden benefits
  9. Facebook Upload Failed error on Insta360 X6 photos
  10. My computer setup in 1987
  11. Legacy Disney artist Raymond Kinman discusses A.I.
  12. My computer setup in 1984
  13. Is the Insta360 X6 really more expensive than the X5?
  14. Your OS loyalty limits you.
  15. More Insta360 X6 differences to be aware of.
  16. Insta360 brings A.I. slop editing to your videos
  17. Computer video titles in 1987
  18. Insta360 X6 available to order at Best Buy US
  19. Columbus P-1 Mark 2 GPS remote and Mac
  20. Facebook: Certain actions have been restricted due to unusual activity.
  21. I ran my iPad battery down, and now it will not charge…
  22. Insta360 X6 preview videos released
  23. Insta360 X6 and August 12 and…
  24. AI wrote a CoCo emulator in HTML5
  25. CoCo BACKROOMS – development diary entry #1
  26. I sorta miss Topaz Labs
  27. We have the CoCo 3 GIME font
  28. Attack of the Killer Tomatoes 5
  29. The novelty of 360 video has worn off.
  30. Fakefluencers and the Insta360 X6 and DJI Osmo 360 2.
  31. Unraveling the mysteries of Color TRSDOS
  32. YouTube and 8K video
  33. SockMasters 2-way scrolling in BASIC
  34. Must be nice to not have to worry about speed.
  35. M4 versus M2 on Final Cut Pro exports
  36. Final Cut Pro exports just don’t export.
  37. Jim Gerrie’s REVERSE PRINT routine
  38. Insta360 X6 in 2026?
  39. I cannot recommend FASTMAIL.com
  40. My Sandisk Extreme USB-C drive keeps ejecting itself…
  41. Hard drive prices, amirite?
  42. VIC-20 BASIC is better than CoCo BASIC for…
  43. Silly Atari VCS Adventure Challenges
  44. Thank you, Jetpack Stef
  45. This is not a commercial site.
  46. What you PSET is not always what you PPOINT
  47. Commodore is making a flip phone. In 2026.
  48. Another downside of smart programmers
  49. A slightly faster MID$ using VARPTR
  50. The CHANGE command on PDP8 BASIC is weird. And neat.
  51. CoCo BACKROOMS game progress…
  52. Crashing with VR360 video in Final Cut Pro on macOS 26
  53. Revisiting PUT defined by ASCII strings
  54. Backrooms movie used a BBS to promote the film. Sorta.
  55. If Dungeons of Daggorath were made 34 years later…
  56. Had the Commodore 64 not been $600…
  57. CoCo smooth scrolling.
  58. DIRVERT.EXE: Windows 95, long file names, and MS-DOS 8.3 filenames.
  59. GFXFLIP2.BAS – scrolling a PMODE 4 screen.
  60. C DEBUG printf macros and while(0) loops?
  61. Stupid VARPTR tricks
  62. Clock Signal emulator
  63. My C compiler is not like your C compiler.
  64. Arduino deactivated your forum account? Here is how to get it back. Maybe.
  65. Where does CoCo’s PMODE graphics memory start?
  66. Arduino bans you for life if you don’t log in often enough?
  67. A bug that almost made me quit my career.
  68. Creating ASCII Donkey Kong on a 32×16 CoCo display
  69. Perfect circles and straight lines and A.I.
  70. POKE versus PRINT
  71. BASIC INSTR revisited with special guest C strstr
  72. Why is Microsoft BASIC INSTR like this?
  73. Copy screen memory to a string in Color BASIC???
  74. ASCII Kong text data
  75. We wanted to licensed PONG in 1993
  76. More misc Sub-Etha OS-9 stuff on GitHub
  77. Vaughn Cato’s 3-D vector maze demo source code!
  78. Vaughn Cato’s bitmap scaling demo.
  79. I may never use a #define in C again. Except when I need to.
  80. Vaughn Cato’s “Toast” 3-D maze engine for CoCo OS-9 Level 2
  81. Parsing message bytes in to a C structure (and back)
  82. The last time I saw Steve Bjork…
  83. CLS 100 CoCo 3 easter egg explored.
  84. Klystronics at the 1994 Atlanta CoCoFest – revealed
  85. Klystronics at the 1994 Atlanta CoCoFest
  86. strcpy versus strncpy and -Wstringop-truncation
  87. Farewell, M-Audio iControl!
  88. EXEC versus USR: Who called me?
  89. BARR-C coding standard and switch and case
  90. Mint Mobile report: first month…
  91. C and and and iso646.h
  92. Appleause.com merged into this site…
  93. hertz and floats and doubles and integers
  94. Color BASIC, Juan Castro and “forbidden” variables
  95. SPI and interrupts and PIC24

2025 119

  1. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 8
  2. Did you ever register CoCo software?
  3. CoCo Disk BASIC disk structure – part 4
  4. DS-69 digitizer revisited
  5. Tackling the Logiker 2025 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 1
  6. CoCo Disk BASIC disk structure – part 3
  7. Do you want to build a snow flake? Logiker 2025!
  8. Coding standards and talking myself into snake_case…
  9. Open Micro Works Digisector DS-69 digitizer .PIX files in GIMP
  10. Wanted: disassembly of Sub-Etha Software’s MultiBoot
  11. Wanted: disassembly of Sub-Etha Software’s OS9Term
  12. EXEC dispatch table for 6809 assembly
  13. PEEK versus ARRAY in BASIC?
  14. Wanted: Sub-Etha Software’s InfoPatch for Infocom
  15. More Sub-Etha Software MM/1 source code on GitHub
  16. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 7
  17. Dissecting my MiniBanners program – part 1
  18. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 7
  19. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 6
  20. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 5
  21. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 4
  22. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 3
  23. I now believe in the Tariff Fairy
  24. Mount Synology NAS home folder on Raspberry Pi
  25. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 2
  26. Hacking the Color BASIC PRINT command – part 1
  27. Modern C and initializing an array
  28. iPhone 12MP, 48MP and RAW comparison.
  29. We probably can’t trust X5 bloggers about the DJI Osmo 360 or Go Pro Max 2, can we?
  30. Segway Max G3 firmware update.
  31. 1984 retro arcade in Missouri
  32. Google Street View: GPS data contains gaps greater than 5 seconds in between GPS points.
  33. Osmo 360 versus Insta360 X5 in low light
  34. Generating C functions and prototypes using macros – part 2
  35. Insta360 X5 vs DJI Osmo 360
  36. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.5.6 released
  37. DJI Osmo 360 available at B&H Photo in the USA?
  38. UnderColor’s spiral challenge from 1984 – part 3
  39. Generating C functions and prototypes using macros – part 1
  40. C, I can be taught! At least about calloc.
  41. UnderColor’s spiral challenge from 1984 – part 2
  42. UnderColor’s spiral challenge from 1984 – part 1
  43. C and VLAs (Variable Length Arrays)
  44. Ciaran “Xroar” Anscomb’s PCLEAR 0 without assembly!
  45. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.4.2 released
  46. A safer memcpy with very limited use cases
  47. Google Street View scripts and A.I. emojis
  48. DJI OSMO 360 launched… but you cannot buy it (in the USA)
  49. “GPS data jumps around a lot” and Google Street View
  50. I only understand this a bit…
  51. Google Street View upload errors
  52. When the original Atari closed in 1996…
  53. Insta360 X5 and Google Street View and PhotoSpheres
  54. Segway Max G3 firmware finally released.
  55. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.1.22 released
  56. There are many things NOT to like about the Segway Max G3 electric scooter – part 2
  57. Segway Max G3 battery range tests
  58. There are many things NOT to like about the Segway Max G3 electric scooter – part 1
  59. A BASIC coin flip…
  60. More Insta360 Low Light comparisons
  61. Using BASIC to prove a (dumb) point.
  62. Insta360 X5 night shooting – 360 Video versus PureVideo
  63. Segway Ninebot Max G3 and jerky acceleration
  64. Segway Max G3 charging question…
  65. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.0.10 released
  66. Segway Ninebox Max G3 electric scooter problems
  67. Experimenting with Insta360 timelapse…
  68. Microsoft Bugs
  69. DJI Osmo 360 camera?
  70. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.0.6 released
  71. What’s next for consumer 360 cameras?
  72. Selling my X4 and tons of accessories
  73. Insta360 X5 low light performance
  74. Insta360 X5 charging LED…
  75. Insta360 X5 firmware 1.0.2 released
  76. insta360 X5 new menu system
  77. Insta360 X5 physical changes from the X4
  78. Insta360 X5: Hype and Hammers
  79. The scripted world of Insta360 X5 reviews
  80. Insta360 X5 accessories you have to re-buy
  81. Steve Bjork in the movie Rollercoaster (1977)
  82. Insta360 X5 “confirmed”
  83. Insta360 X5 (?) camera coming out 4/22
  84. TIL how to build a PC .exe on my Mac, and RUN it on my Mac.
  85. Five nines and 99% uptime
  86. m
  87. Branson, Missouri…
  88. Color BASIC supports two letter variables, except when it doesn’t.
  89. Website hosting…
  90. A life changing letter…
  91. Old C dog, new C tricks part 5: inline prototypes?
  92. My early 90s CoCo room.
  93. How to crash a CoCo 3 – more accurately.
  94. Could the CoCo run a tiny Large Language Model (AI) thing?
  95. Old C dog, new C tricks part 4: no more passing buffers?
  96. Sub-Etha Net… BBS protocol proposal.
  97. DeltaBoard: my theme-changing BBS – part 1
  98. How to crash a CoCo 3
  99. Spaces in path names still break stuff in 2025?
  100. Old C dog, new C tricks part 3: char *line vs char line[]
  101. CoCo 3 BASIC and ON ERR GOTO and negative line numbers
  102. Color BASIC decimal, hex and octal are not the same?
  103. Rainbow Check Plus
  104. Dragon User magazine and typing in assembly
  105. Need help linking Windows C to FTDI static libraries
  106. Recreating the Pac-Man maze in 1993
  107. Old C dog, new C tricks part 2: i won’t use i
  108. Color BASIC and octal
  109. Sub-Etha graphical adventures?
  110. Build a (marginally) better malloc and free
  111. Blog stats for January 2025
  112. Old C dog, new C tricks part 1: NULL != ptr
  113. Jim Gerrie made an actual MAZE.BAS game
  114. MAZE.BAS for the CoCo
  115. Our magazine ads, before they were typeset…
  116. The Hitchhiker Phenomenon (my late 1980s book report)
  117. winget – like apt-get for Linux and brew for Mac?
  118. Early 1980s BBSes and spinning cursors.
  119. Copy files to/from Insta360 app on iPhone/iPad

2024 102

  1. C program build date and time.
  2. When a+b+c is not the same as b+a+c plus the Barr coding standard
  3. C has its limits. If you know where to look.
  4. Color BASIC and Assembly routines – great article!
  5. DJI Mic Mini and iPhone
  6. Arduino and LCD2004 and PCF8574 and I2C – part 1
  7. Once you go read-only…
  8. Modifying read-only const variables in C
  9. QBASIC for Windows, Mac and Linux?
  10. const-ant confusion in C, revisited.
  11. C coding standard recomendations?
  12. C and the case of the missing globals…
  13. Five 6TB Western Digital Red Pro drives for sale
  14. ISO 8601 for dates and times
  15. C and concatenating strings…
  16. Selling five 6TB Western Digital Red Pro hard drives
  17. Data paranoia, Drobos and Synology NAS
  18. DJI RC-N3 remote won’t work with Otterbox Defender Case
  19. What are the odds?
  20. M1pq
  21. DJI Neo drone app bugs and problems
  22. DJI Neo error downloading videos to phone
  23. printf portability problems persist… possibly.
  24. Counting characters in a string in Color BASIC
  25. Splitting up strings in C source code.
  26. Fantastic C buffers and where to find them.
  27. C escape codes
  28. C strings and pointers and arrays, revisited…
  29. My 360 photo/video (VR) experiments…
  30. Yes, Virginia. You CAN printf a size_t! And pointers.
  31. C strings and pointers and arrays…
  32. In C, you can sizeof() a string constant?
  33. Why do 5.7K and 8K Insta360 X3/X4 photos/videos look so bad?
  34. Insta360 X4 firmware 1.2.20
  35. Hacking Home Depot Lethal Lily animatronic – part 4
  36. Teensy used to emulate a 6809!
  37. Hacking Home Depot Lethal Lily animatronic – part 3
  38. Hacking Home Depot Lethal Lily animatronic – part 2
  39. Hacking Home Depot Lethal Lily animatronic – part 1
  40. Hacking Home Depot Lethal Lily animatronic props?
  41. “You’re not wrong…”
  42. After the Rain / The Passage (1988) – the movie I was almost in.
  43. Insta360 X4 firmware 1.0.20 released
  44. 10 minutes of Insta360 X4 VR 360 video
  45. Insta360 X3 versus Insta360 X4 in low light
  46. How many editions of the VIC-20 manual were there?
  47. Insta360 Dolby Vision Enhanced comparison
  48. Insta360 X3 versus Insta360 X4 – side by side videos
  49. Insta360 X4 Standard Lens Guards see sun spots – maybe?
  50. Insta360 Care, Extended Warranty, and FlexiCare
  51. Insta360 X3 and X4 file transfer comparisons
  52. Insta360 X4 firmware 1.0.6 / 1.0.8 has many new features
  53. BASIC and many input options…
  54. Insta360 X4 360 camera with 8K
  55. CoCo: the Musical
  56. AI Music: SUNO versus UDIO
  57. Steve Bjork TRS-80 Model 1 source code…
  58. SUNO AI creates CoCo songs…
  59. TRON arcade game clones for the CoCo
  60. Steve Bjork’s TRS-80 Model 1 days
  61. Steve Bjork’s Zaxxon, but updated for CoCo 3?
  62. My VIC-20 Factory TNT for CoCo?
  63. Atari VCS Pac-Man
  64. Super Pitfall … 2???
  65. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 7
  66. The Color Computer 3 Prototype
  67. IEEE-754 online tool thing
  68. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 6
  69. MexiCoCo: The Mexico CoCo 3 clone no one told me about…
  70. Decaps of 1986 GIME chip via Sean Riddle, Erik Gavriluk and Roger Taylor
  71. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 5
  72. The most mysterious song on the internet, explained.
  73. Steve Bjork’s haunted house life…
  74. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 4
  75. Dissecting my VIC-20 Eggs game
  76. My 1983 VIC-20 Eggs game has a typo in the joystick routine
  77. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 3
  78. VIC-NIC News located! My first published program!
  79. The most mysterious song(s) on the internet
  80. Request: Pictures of CoCo 1/2 on a TV, and CoCo 3 on TV/CM-8
  81. The 9 colors of the CoCo’s high resolution screens…
  82. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 2
  83. Displaying all 11 of the CoCo’s 8 colors…
  84. Let’s write Lights Out in BASIC – part 1
  85. Searching for VIC-20 programmer Duane Later
  86. How much faster is HEX versus decimal on the CoCo?
  87. 1986 Doctor Who demo source found.
  88. DJI MIC 2 transmitter works with Insta360 X3 with no adapter needed.
  89. Using the DJI MIC 2 or Mic Mini with the iPhone native camera app
  90. Getting LN in BASIC on a machine that only has LOG
  91. PUT defined by ASCII strings
  92. Tank 8×8 with no flicker, tracks and sound.
  93. Porting a BBC Micro galaxy program to the CoCo
  94. My old (and new) VIC-20 stuff is now on Github
  95. C and returning values quickly or safely. But not both.
  96. Simple 8×8 and 16×16 Tank on 256×192 screen in Color BASIC
  97. The VAL overflow bug and scientific notation
  98. VIC-20 manual type-in games
  99. A=B=C=D in BASIC and C
  100. VIC-20 “smooth move” revisited.
  101. Extended Color BASIC PUT from DATA
  102. Tackling the Logiker 2023 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 4

2023 41

  1. Tackling the Logiker 2023 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 3
  2. Tackling the Logiker 2023 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 2
  3. Rest in peace, Steve Bjork
  4. Tackling the Logiker 2023 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 1
  5. Color BASIC overflow bug – same as Commodore’s?
  6. PONG 1993
  7. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1));GOTO 10 simplified by Jim Gerrie
  8. My unreleased MIDI program for the Kawai K4 synthesizer
  9. Escape rooms: 99% looking for lock combinations, 1% “other”.
  10. Phreak Philes: Modem scanning in the late 1980s…
  11. Huffman K1 Librarian, my first commercial product
  12. TIL: You can build C in Microsoft Visual Studio
  13. DATA problems revisited
  14. Inverse/reverse text on the CoCo
  15. Optimizing BASIC for speed versus size
  16. Canon Camera Connect iOS app v3.0 storing same GPS location in every photo.
  17. CoCo Disk BASIC disk structure – part 2
  18. CoCo Disk BASIC disk structure – part 1
  19. Write BASIC easier with Alex Evans Python scripts
  20. Carl England’s CRUNCH versus Alex Evans’ PACK
  21. Alex Evans’ BASIC UTILS change everything – part 3
  22. Alex Evans’ BASIC UTILS change everything – part 2
  23. Alex Evans’ BASIC UTILS change everything – part 1
  24. What is a CoCo? ChatGPT has some thoughts…
  25. These lines are just too long (for Color BASIC)!
  26. Apple Time Machine – AFP or SMB? Synology NAS hanging…
  27. Color BASIC program line info dump program
  28. FreeRTOS: Virus?
  29. An adventure game rabbit hole…
  30. POKE 113,0:EXEC 40999 (and DLOAD)
  31. Synology NAS, DSL Modem firewalls, and OpenVPN
  32. XRoar emulator ctrl/alt/f1/f2 keyboard config for CoCo 3
  33. High-resolution spiraling in Extended BASIC
  34. 6847T1 Test Program (for late model CoCo 2s)
  35. FILES command and memory in CoCo Disk BASIC
  36. Avoiding DF and IE errors in CoCo BASIC
  37. WRITE versus PRINT in CoCo BASIC
  38. CoCo DISK BASIC sequential and direct access files
  39. Shell script to rename odd numbered files
  40. XRoar emulator and loading and saving to tape and disk
  41. CoCo 3 and the 1988 Houston Boat Show

2022 112

  1. Changing default view for 360 video on Insta360 X2/X3 and others…
  2. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 7
  3. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 6
  4. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 5
  5. Wokwi online Arduino/ESP32 simulator
  6. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 4
  7. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 3
  8. OpenAI writes a BASIC program!
  9. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 2
  10. I will never write a shell script again.
  11. My first C program for CoCo DISK BASIC.
  12. Tackling the Logiker 2022 Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge – part 1
  13. My old Space Invaders game running on an arcade cabinet!
  14. Reversing bits in C
  15. ChatGPT AI can analyze 6809 assembly language!
  16. OpenAI’s ChatGPT knows BASIC?
  17. My 1987 Paper Route program I wrote for Laverne Ricks in Lufkin, Texas
  18. Insat360 X3 now allows changing WiFi password
  19. Arduino, ZigBee and motion sensor help needed.
  20. Carl England must be stopped.
  21. Exploring 1984 OS-9 on a 64K TRS-80 Color Computer – part 3
  22. Exploring 1984 OS-9 on a 64K TRS-80 Color Computer – part 2
  23. Exploring 1984 OS-9 on a 64K TRS-80 Color Computer – part 1
  24. Insta360 X3 filenames are different than ONE X2 filenames
  25. Pop-Up windows in Color BASIC?
  26. My 1988 TIDYDISK program.
  27. Drawing a maze level on the CoCo – part 5
  28. Drawing a maze level on the CoCo – part 4
  29. Drawing a maze level on the CoCo – part 3
  30. Drawing a maze level on the CoCo – part 2
  31. Insta360 X3 firmware v1.0.04 available
  32. Drawing a maze level on the CoCo – part 1
  33. Color BASIC and 16-bits and AND and OR and NOT
  34. DEF FN for Fun and Profit
  35. Atomstack A5 Pro laser engraver and CHD340 drivers for Mac
  36. CoCo ROM to RAM (64K test) – part 2
  37. CoCo ROM to RAM (64K test) – part 1
  38. Color BASIC string abuse – part 2
  39. Perforce to BitBucket Git migration – rename $File$ RCS keywords in source files
  40. Color BASIC string abuse – part 1
  41. Insta360 X3 firmware bug list
  42. Insta360 X3 speed benchmarks
  43. The mystery of MEMSIZ and why CoCo 3 BASIC has one more byte of it.
  44. Color BASIC info memory locations.
  45. Color BASIC and string concatenation
  46. Insta360 X3 also has the same open WiFi and root telnet as the ONE X2
  47. Erico’s CoCo revamp of the 1K ZX81 game
  48. Insta360 X3 360 camera released
  49. PRINT MEM is not accurate?
  50. Invisible lines in Color BASIC
  51. ScrewX2 and the Insta360 WiFi security hole.
  52. Counting 6809 cycles with LWASM
  53. Disk BASIC and drive numbers BEFORE the filename?
  54. Checksums and zeros and XMODEM and randomness.
  55. I found hidden stuff in my own game.
  56. CoCo 6809 assembly save/restore screen routine.
  57. Happy #SepTandy 2022!
  58. 3X+1 in C#
  59. When there’s not enough room for sprintf…
  60. GOTO, GOSUB, Stack Overflows and 6809 stack jumping.
  61. Spiraling in Color BASIC and 6809 Assembly – part 2
  62. Spiraling in Color BASIC and 6809 Assembly – part 1
  63. IF AND/OR THEN versus IF THEN IF – part 2
  64. Color BASIC RAM hooks – part 2
  65. Migrating from Perforce to Git (BitBucket)
  66. Color BASIC RAM hooks – part 1
  67. C and size_t and 64-bits
  68. Color BASIC and VARPTR
  69. Google and Apple and multiple accounts…
  70. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 6
  71. More CoCo MC6847 VDG chip “draw black” challenge responses.
  72. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 5
  73. MacInvaders09 by Jamie Cho
  74. Old posts should be working better now.
  75. Drobo “saves the day”?
  76. TIL: Color BASIC device numbers and more.
  77. Video: Discussing my 1994 video game, Invaders09.
  78. Invaders09 source code now on GitHub
  79. Robert Gault’s EDTASM+for native CoCo 6809/6309 assembling.
  80. Online 6809 emulator with semi-MC6847 support
  81. Installing LWTOOLS on Windows using Cygwin
  82. 6809 request: smallest 64K test?
  83. Typing in an un-typable BASIC program…
  84. Sharpen blurry video using Topaz Labs Sharpen AI and FFmpeg.
  85. Insta360 ONE X2 .insv file format
  86. Looking for Insta360 .insp and .insv file formats.
  87. Logiker Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge 2021 results
  88. Smooth slow motion with Topaz Labs Video Enhance AI
  89. Ambisonics
  90. Insta360 X-series firmware bug list
  91. Project Blue Book: The 1970s TV series called something else.
  92. Redundant C variable initialization for redundant reasons.
  93. Stranger Things 2 and BASIC and Color BASIC
  94. BASIC and Google’s 25 horses interview question
  95. Video upscaling with Topaz Labs Video Enhance AI
  96. Insta360 ONE X2 photo and video modes and filenames
  97. Upgrade from Windows 11 Home to Windows 11 Pro using an old Windows key
  98. while and if and braces … oh my.
  99. Web searching takes the fun out of History channel UFO shows.
  100. Short circuiting of C comparisons
  101. JS Mocha CoCo emulator on iPad?
  102. My 1987 CoCo ASCII to Atari ATASCII converter
  103. 16-bits don’t always add up.
  104. I hate floating point.
  105. CoCo and 16-bits
  106. Insta360 ONE X2: default WiFi password and telnet root access?
  107. Why is choosing a 3-D printer so difficult?
  108. The many, many Insta360 Selfie Sticks
  109. C structures and padding and sizeof
  110. PiZ SuperCap safe shutdown for Raspberry Pi Zero
  111. FLSUN Super Racer discount code
  112. Most-viewed articles of 2021

2021 39

  1. Kugoo G5 electric scooter problems.
  2. Tackling the Logiker Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge 2021 follow-up
  3. Tackling the Logiker Vintage Computing Christmas Challenge 2021
  4. The mind blowingness of Spatial Audio
  5. CoCo 3 and 256 colors
  6. Tequila and Tortilla and Tandy
  7. Commodore VIC-20 PETSCII on the CoCo
  8. There is no substitute for real hardware.
  9. String space required. No exceptions.
  10. The undocumented syntax of Extended Color BASIC
  11. 6809 assembly request: make this more better?
  12. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 4
  13. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 3
  14. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 2
  15. Uploaded Facebook videos not playing sound (but do in preview).
  16. Color BASIC Attract Screen – part 1
  17. Revisiting 10 PRINT RACER
  18. 10 PRINT big maze in Color BASIC – part 4
  19. 10 PRINT big maze in Color BASIC – part 3
  20. 10 PRINT big maze in Color BASIC – part 2
  21. 10 PRINT big maze in Color BASIC – part 1
  22. Odd or Even in Color BASIC?
  23. 3X+1 Problem website calculator thing.
  24. 3X+1 in C#
  25. 3X+1 and Color BASIC
  26. Arduino Serial output C macros
  27. C: (too) many happy returns…
  28. GEEKPI’s Getting Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico kit
  29. char versus C versus C#
  30. Researching 8-bit floating point.
  31. C, printf, and pointers.
  32. Raspberry Pi Pico?
  33. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 7
  34. Exploring Atari VCS/2600 Adventure – part 4
  35. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 6
  36. CoCo MC6847 VDG chip “draw black” challenge responses.
  37. Exploring Atari VCS/2600 Adventure – part 3
  38. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 5
  39. Kudos to Saleae’s logic analyzer and excellent support

2020 94

  1. CoCo MC6847 VDG chip “draw black” challenge
  2. Exploring Atari VCS/2600 Adventure – part 2
  3. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 4
  4. Exploring Atari VCS/2600 Adventure – part 1
  5. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 3
  6. Atari VCS/2600 Adventure “Every Object Challenge”
  7. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 2
  8. Benchmarking the CoCo keyboard – part 1
  9. Color BASIC “DATA” quirk.
  10. Compressing BASIC DATA with Base-64 – part 3
  11. Compressing BASIC DATA with Base-64 – part 2
  12. Compressing BASIC DATA with Base-64 – part 1
  13. DeltaBoard – theme changing BBS
  14. Logitech K845ch mechanical keyboard
  15. VIC-20 knowledge lived on, without me knowing it.
  16. Selling my original Atari Jaguar setup.
  17. Pi Problems.
  18. TheVIC20 USA Users Group
  19. Roger Taylor’s FPGA “Real CoCo” on MiSTer
  20. CoCo text screen can be changed in BASIC?
  21. The VIC-20 is coming back!
  22. More CoCo items (software, ROM-Paks, MC-10) for sale.
  23. CoCo graphics tablet, video digitizer and speech recognition hardware for sale!
  24. warning: comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe [-Wfloat-equal] – Part 2
  25. warning: comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe [-Wfloat-equal]
  26. Bit shifting in BASIC
  27. CoCo Notebook: mystery 6809 assembly
  28. Random Easter Egg
  29. BASIC and ELSE and GOTO and Work – part 2
  30. Rename your way to cleaner code…
  31. The 1987 Max Headroom TV station hijack incident.
  32. BASIC and ELSE and GOTO and Work – part 1
  33. VIC-20 “smooth move”.
  34. More Crazy ON/GOTO/GOSUB and IF/THENs
  35. VIC-20: Sky-Ape-Er code dissection – part 5
  36. WordPress question: Convert preformatted block into code block?
  37. ON/GOTO/GOSUB with arbitrary values!?!
  38. VIC-20: Sky-Ape-Er code dissection – part 4
  39. Can you initialize a static linked list in C?
  40. Site updates in progress…
  41. Faster and smaller Color BASIC with Carl England’s CRUNCH
  42. GEnie Nondisclosure Agreement from 1991
  43. BEAMSCAPE – A game of flashlight tag
  44. VIC-20: Sky-Ape-Er code dissection – part 3
  45. Color BASIC challenge: ball bouncing WITHOUT any IFs?
  46. Understanding and Using the CoCo 3 MMU
  47. CoCoFest Chronicles book by Allen Huffman
  48. CoCoWiFi in the UK
  49. What ELSE can you do when you don’t have ELSE?
  50. Virtual CoCoFest this Saturday, April 18, 2020.
  51. VIC-20: Sky-Ape-Er code dissection – part 2
  52. IF AND/OR THEN versus IF THEN IF – part 1
  53. VIC-20: Sky-Ape-Er code dissection – part 1
  54. Extended Color BASIC plays non-existent notes.
  55. Porting 10 PRINT RACER by 8-Bit Show And Tell to the CoCo
  56. Color BASIC optimization challenge – more attempts
  57. Obfuscated CoCo Color BASIC code is fun.
  58. The fastest way to zero in Color BASIC.
  59. Random BASIC shuffling revisited.
  60. The marbles in a bag puzzle in Color BASIC – part 3
  61. Retro BASICs for Windows, Mac and Linux
  62. The marbles in a bag puzzle in Color BASIC – part 2
  63. The marbles in a bag puzzle in Color BASIC
  64. How random is RND in Color BASIC?
  65. Microsoft Color BASIC easter egg.
  66. Color BASIC optimization challenge – attempts
  67. Adding gravity to a BASIC bouncing ball, follow-up.
  68. Jerry Stratton’s SuperBASIC for the CoCo
  69. Floating point and 902.1 follow-up
  70. VIC-20 Super Expander and the CHUG logo
  71. Floating point and 902.1
  72. Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy is 42 years old?
  73. Color BASIC optimization challenge – scaling
  74. Adding gravity to a BASIC bouncing ball.
  75. CoCo bouncing BASIC ball, part 5
  76. CoCo bouncing BASIC ball, part 4
  77. CoCo bouncing BASIC ball, part 3
  78. CoCo bouncing BASIC ball, part 2
  79. CoCo Cross Developing with MS Visual Studio Code
  80. CoCo bouncing BASIC ball, part 1
  81. Marc Andreessen (Netscape) was a CoCo user!
  82. C compiler bugs that make you go hmmm…
  83. Converting two 8-bit values to one 16-bit value in C
  84. TWO online CoCo emulators now?
  85. A C tale of two ampersands
  86. BASIC REM memory savings
  87. Play CoCo’s “Donkey King” in a web browser.
  88. CoCoFEST! Challenge: An AI camera project?
  89. Arduino compatible bit Macros
  90. Make C Pointers Great Again
  91. C and numeric constants.
  92. 0 means nothing. Except when it does.
  93. Code as if someone’s life depended on it.
  94. Star Laser Force laser tag in Houston

2019 21

  1. Life without the Cloud
  2. Braces! Foiled again, again!
  3. Function names and “Clean Code”, part 2
  4. Function names and “Clean Code”
  5. C and the dangers of memcpy()
  6. Braces! Foiled again!
  7. Another retro WiFi Modem project
  8. CoCoWiFi in the UK
  9. Microsoft Visual Studio Code (PC/Mac/Linux) for CoCo cross development.
  10. Yo ho, yo ho, a (video) pirate’s life for me…
  11. Would you run modern OS-9 on a Raspberry Pi?
  12. Modern monitors that work with the CoCo 3!?!
  13. OS-9 Lives!
  14. Chauvet DMX-RT compatible microSD cards and benchmarks.
  15. FOR SALE: Ken-Ton SCSI Interfaces and RS-232 Dual Comm Paks
  16. iOS 12.2 iPhone Photos won’t upload to iCloud over WiFi (but do over cellular)
  17. Chauvet DJ DMX-RT problems
  18. CoCoPilot DELUXE: CoCoWiFi + SirSound + DriveWire + CoCoPi + More
  19. New Radio Shack Color Computer 3 demo.
  20. CoCoWiFi fork of ZiModem updated to current 3.5 build.
  21. CoCoFEST! near Chicago on May 4-5, 2019

2018 27

  1. Arcade1Up replacement trackball rotary encoders
  2. TRON 4-way restrictor plates for HAPP flight stick.
  3. Mac and 3-D video and “st3d” metadata and YouTube
  4. RadioShack is back!
  5. Halloween DMX lighting and sound – introduction
  6. The CoCo is hooked back up.
  7. Mandela Effect and Wayne’s World
  8. CoCoFEST! 2018 T-shirt.
  9. Sub-Etha Software announces more 2018 Chicago CoCoFEST! plans
  10. SirSound video demonstrations
  11. Proposing PreciousPak: The One Pak to Rule them All
  12. Wire up your own RS-232 WiFi modem for under $10 using ESP8266 and Zimodem firmware.
  13. How to load Zimodem firmware to an ESP8266 without Arduino IDE
  14. Building Zimodem for ESP-32 with USB console support
  15. CoCoWiFi and SirSound project updates
  16. RS232 to TTL adapters with all signals, including DCD
  17. CoCo RS-232 Pak to 3-wire (TX, RX and GND) RS-232 device.
  18. Help needed with 6551-based RS-232 Pak to 3-wire without DCD
  19. Add USB for $4
  20. WiFi CoCo for $15 (or for any retro computer with an RS-232 port)
  21. More RS232 to WiFi (or Ethernet) options…
  22. Bouncy Ball NG: I got to make music for an iOS and AppleTV game.
  23. Sir Sound 2018 update: Now with WiFi and Bluetooth???
  24. Jolt Cola is back!
  25. Sub-Etha Software to attend 2018 Chicago CoCoFEST!
  26. Personal OS-9 to return?
  27. Revisiting Rainbow magazine.

2017 52

  1. A Time Travel Experiment: The retro newsletter project proposal
  2. C musing of the day: i++ or ++i?
  3. C musing of the day: signed ints
  4. C warnings, %d versus %u and more C fun.
  5. C warning: comparison between signed and unsigned integer expressions [-Wsign-compare]
  6. const-ant confusion in C.
  7. Furby still kicking…
  8. Happy Halloween in November!
  9. Happy birthday, computer revolution.
  10. All quiet on the Western front…
  11. More CoAP musings…
  12. CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol
  13. Back from CoCoFEST! 2017
  14. 1985 unlicensed Dr. Who game for the CoCo
  15. Getting started with Roger Taylor’s “CoCo on a Chip” FPGA CoCo 3
  16. Sir Sound prototype, version 2.
  17. Introducing the Sir Sound CoCo Sound Card
  18. Building a Better BASIC Input, revisited
  19. Arduino and the Texas Instruments SN76489
  20. Arduino Nano serial port not recognized on Mac 10.12
  21. Color BASIC String Theory, part 2
  22. Color BASIC String Theory, part 1
  23. Building a Better BASIC Input
  24. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 9
  25. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 8
  26. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 6
  27. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 7
  28. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 6
  29. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 5
  30. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 5
  31. An effect of PAL versus NTSC…
  32. Optmizing Color BASIC, part 4
  33. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 3
  34. Optimizing Color BASIC, part 2
  35. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 4
  36. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 3
  37. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 2
  38. Interfacing assembly with BASIC via DEFUSR, part 1
  39. Easy websites with the w3.css style sheet, part 4
  40. Easy websites with the w3.css style sheet, part 3
  41. Building KenTon/LR-Tech SCSI drivers for NitrOS-9
  42. CoCoSDC SDC-DOS version 1.14 release
  43. Easy websites with the w3.css style sheet, part 2
  44. Easy websites with the w3.css style sheet, part 1
  45. 2011 Mac mini (upgraded to 16GB) for sale.
  46. Apple TV (3rd gen, Rev A) for sale.
  47. Selling my 3rd gen Apple TV
  48. Commodore Amiga documentary
  49. Converting AIPTEK 3D HD Camcorder i2 photos for 3DTV
  50. Apple TV multiplayer and 3-D games list
  51. Confusing C programmers
  52. Apparently I can’t trust anything I remember.

2016 40

  1. Drobo (3rd gen) to Drobo 5C, part 3
  2. Drobo 5C for $279 on Amazon
  3. Drobo 5C for $279 on Amazon
  4. Giroptic announces new 360 camera for iOS devices
  5. Drobo volumes lose their names in Drobo Dashboard
  6. Drobo (3rd gen) to Drobo 5C, part 2
  7. Drobo (3rd gen) to Drobo 5C review
  8. Drobo (3rd gen) to Drobo 5C, part 1
  9. Nested ternary operators in C
  10. Drobo (3rd gen) to Drobo 5C, introduction
  11. 360 photos in 2005
  12. More tech whiners: Dongles
  13. 2016 HBO Westerworld versus 1973 Westworld
  14. Tech whiners and the iPhone headphone jack. Plus, big phones.
  15. Apple’s 2016 AirPods get us one step closer to Roddenberry’s 1966 Star Trek.
  16. Apple’s 2016 AirPods get us one step closer to Roddenberry’s 1966 Star Trek.
  17. Giroptic 360cam review by a Ricoh Theta owner
  18. Apple’s hold music, and Apple Care+ procedure.
  19. Creating a RaspberryPi DriveWire server
  20. Building NitrOS-9 on Mac OS X
  21. 25th annual “Last” Chicago CoCoFEST!
  22. Floating point is hard.
  23. Another Apple difference…
  24. Old School Games – Pac-Man Fever returns!
  25. Commodore VIC-20: My first computer.
  26. In search of VIC-NIC News
  27. Before Sub-Etha Software…
  28. CoCo VR
  29. Revisiting Virtual Reality from 1993
  30. My first programs!
  31. iCade Mobile controller for $5 on Amazon
  32. sizeof() matters
  33. Building safer C string functions, part 1
  34. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 6
  35. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 5
  36. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 4
  37. 64K TRS-80 CoCo memory test
  38. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 3
  39. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 2
  40. C strcat, strcpy and armageddon, part 1

2015 49

  1. Bitcoin is less anonymous than cash
  2. Drobo generation 2 verses Drobo generation 3
  3. Drobo (2nd gen) to Drobo (3rd gen), part 5
  4. Drobo (2nd gen) to Drobo (3rd gen), part 4
  5. Drobo (2nd gen) to Drobo (3rd gen), part 3
  6. Drobo (2nd gen) to Drobo (3rd gen), part 2
  7. More cheers for Otterbox, and jeers for Drobo
  8. Drobo (2nd gen) to Drobo (3rd gen), part 1
  9. Carl England writes books, too?
  10. Chainless bicycles?
  11. YQ8008 bicycle LED light for $74.96 on e-Bay
  12. XuanWheel bicycle LED light for $79 on Amazon
  13. Installing iOS apps direct without going through the App Store…
  14. Bicycle wheel LED light displays
  15. Mac OS X Wireless Diagnostics to speed up WiFi
  16. More on bike spoke light LED signs (POV)
  17. SPAM LITE
  18. Unlimited iPhone data with no contract for $30?
  19. 42!
  20. Some praise for Otterbox
  21. The end of Radio Shack as we know it?
  22. ESP8266 $5 WiFi for Arduino?
  23. Rest in peace, Leonard Nimoy.
  24. CoCo/Tandy 1000 joystick adapter project
  25. MM/1 versus TC-70
  26. Introducing the Tomcat from Frank Hogg Labs
  27. Introducing the CoCoPilot DriveWire Server
  28. Announcing the TC-70
  29. Announcing the MM/1
  30. An easier way to save your old floppies
  31. Invaders09 updated to 1.04
  32. 4K CoCo Programming Challenge update
  33. Manually making a bootable NitrOS9 hard drive image – part 3
  34. Manually making a bootable NitrOS9 hard drive image – part 2
  35. Manually making a bootable NitrOS9 hard drive image – part 1
  36. Penn & Teller’s BBS – MOFO EX MACHINA
  37. Preserving the past 8-bits at a time
  38. CoCo/OS-9 escavation update…
  39. PCLEAR 0 to get more CoCo BASIC memory
  40. BASIC word wrap test program
  41. Configuring the TP-LINK TL-WR702N nano router for Arduino
  42. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 6
  43. Even more BASIC word wrap versions
  44. More BASIC word wrap versions
  45. Word wrap revisited…
  46. Optimizing Color BASIC – part 1
  47. A tale of two word wrap routines
  48. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 5
  49. Word wrapping in Extended Color BASIC

2014 55

  1. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 4
  2. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 3
  3. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 2
  4. CoCoSDC for TRS-80 Color Computer part 1
  5. Splitting a 16-bit value to two 8-bit values in C
  6. Program like it’s 1980!
  7. iOS MFI game controller bluetooth protocol
  8. 1983: From the archives…
  9. 80’s text-based “where in the solar system” game?
  10. Sub-Etha Software’s first magazine ads…
  11. CoCo emulator on an iPad.
  12. Greetings (again)…
  13. Night Trap (classic FMV) on Kickstarter.
  14. Using Termcap – part 3
  15. Using Termcap – part 2
  16. Using Termcap – part 1
  17. ANSI C and subtracting or adding time (hours, etc.) part 2
  18. ANSI C and subtracting or adding time (hours, etc.) part 1
  19. Another Apple Maps win over Bing and Google
  20. Cheap bicycle wheel LED sign (POV)
  21. Macaw web design tool: not quite ready
  22. Porting from 32-bit systems: 16-bit constants
  23. Virtual Reality … back again.
  24. The quest for my first computer.
  25. Adafruit Bluefruit EZ-Key response messages
  26. Arduino-based Adafruit EZ-Key Remapper
  27. Adafruit Bluefruit EZ-Key
  28. Simple scrolling LED Sign for NeoPixel (WS2811) or LPN8806
  29. Cheap Arduino Wiznet 5100 ethernet shield
  30. Arduino WS2811 scrolling message sign
  31. RGB addressable LEDs (WS2811, LPD8806)
  32. Invaders09
  33. 2014 Halloween project update
  34. Pac-Man source code now on GitHub
  35. Arduino ethernet for $10
  36. Arduino source code on GitHub
  37. MacBook (late 2009) fan problem – solved!
  38. Arduino Pac-Man part 10 – the story so far
  39. Modern ports of CoCo games.
  40. Arduino Pac-Man part 9 – ghosts
  41. Arduino memory and optimizations
  42. Ardunio Pac-Man part 8 – dot dilemma 2
  43. Arduino Pac-Man part 7 – what’s next?
  44. Raspberry Pi – what a difference a year (or more) makes!
  45. CoCo SDC – compatible disk controller using SD cards
  46. Arduino Pac-Man part 6 – moving
  47. Arduino Pac-Man part 5 – dot dilemma
  48. Arduino Pac-Man part 4 – maze
  49. Arduino Pac-Man part 3 – animating bitmaps
  50. Arduino Pac-Man part 2 – It lives!
  51. Arduino Pac-Man project
  52. Sub-Etha on Facebook…
  53. OUYA as a retro arcade emulator (MAME, etc.)
  54. 2014 Arduino projects for Halloween
  55. Downtime

2013 46

  1. TRON arcade game joystick research
  2. Adafruit EZ-Key makes Bluetooth keyboard support cheap ($20)
  3. Back to work… Soon… Arduino arcade interface.
  4. UltraProjector (v1) and Mac and ffmpeg
  5. Account signups temporarily disabled
  6. The Teensy 2.0 input device
  7. Allen in the real world…
  8. 2013 Chicago CoCoFEST! Report
  9. CoCoFEST!
  10. Another Arduino CoCo update
  11. The EthaWin user interface.
  12. Sub-Etha Software’s Arduino Telnet server
  13. Arduino used to program CoCo ROM Pak emulator.
  14. Cleanup in aisle four…
  15. Greetings from the Sub-Etha!
  16. Moving the Arduino stuff to a new site…
  17. Part 3: Debouncing digital inputs.
  18. CoCo appears on TWiT
  19. A cheap way to get an Arduino on WiFi
  20. Telnet is pretty cool.
  21. Multiple source files in an Arduino project
  22. A real Arduino Telnet server?
  23. Arduino Ethernet and multiple socket server connections
  24. Arduino compiler problem with #ifdefs solved.
  25. 1983 *ALL RAM* BBS ported to Arduino from BASIC
  26. Extended Color BASIC to Arduino Sketch, part 4
  27. Extended Color BASIC to Arduino Sketch, part 3
  28. Extended Color BASIC to Arduino Sketch, part 2
  29. Extended Color BASIC to Arduino Sketch
  30. Use a TRS-80 Model 100 keyboard on a PC
  31. Parsing Hayes modem AT commands, part 2
  32. Parsing Hayes modem AT commands, part 1
  33. USB host (read a USB keyboard/mouse) without hardware
  34. 2N2222 transistor from Radio Shack links Arduino UNO and Teensy 2.0
  35. Fritzing circuit designer…
  36. X-Arcade Tankstick
  37. iCade button numbering.
  38. Arduino USB joystick to iCade converter
  39. Part 2: From pressure mats to serial output.
  40. Arduino, iTead Studio USB Host shield, and libraries…
  41. Part 1b: A few more notes…
  42. Part 1: How I got started with Arduino.
  43. Autocorrect: afro bed meeting.
  44. Fix a 1998 Furby that won’t wake up or start up (without disassembly)
  45. Teensy 2.0 iCade source code
  46. Apple Maps: Your milage may vary.

2012 2

  1. Hook an Atari 2600 joystick up to an iPad, thanks to Teensy 2.0
  2. Stay tuned…

2011 1

  1. 2012: The Year of 3-D

2010 4

  1. AIPTEK 3D HD Camcorder i2 & Mac p2
  2. AIPTEK 3D HD Camcorder i2 & Mac
  3. UltraProjector and Mac
  4. The tale of two Drobos

2009 6

  1. 5.1 surround sound in iMovie
  2. GraphicConverter to the rescue!
  3. JFIF in iPhoto
  4. Epson PhotoPC and EXIF JFIF dates
  5. Greetings from iLife ’09
  6. FireWire to SATA adapters for the Mac

2008 1

  1. It’s been awhile. Again.

2007 10

  1. Journey into iPhone podcast.
  2. Talk to you soon…
  3. AppleTV finally ships…
  4. Apple Store
  5. Rar
  6. Mac Doesn’t Stand a Chance…
  7. Why the iPhone will iPhail
  8. Computers? What computers?
  9. Apple Music
  10. No Longer a Newbie