The Curious Engineer

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Wireless Pi

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Discover the Joy of signal processing, SDRs and wireless communications

ElectronicsHam radio / RFMath

’16’17’18’19’20’21’22’23’24’25’26
Posts
182 from 1 Jun 2016 to 16 Oct 2026
Posting
monthly (6 in the last year)
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personal blog
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2026 6

  1. Peak Interpolation for Sub-Bin Accuracy in Radar and Communications
  2. Derivations of 3-dB and Loop Noise Bandwidths
  3. Demodulating P25 CQPSK Signals Using a C4FM Receiver
  4. Why OFDM is Used in UAV Links
  5. Adaptive Thresholding in Radar Detection Using Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Techniques
  6. An Intuitive View of Time-Bandwidth Product (TBP)

2025 5

  1. The Fourier Doppelgangers
  2. Two Birds with One Tone: I/Q Signals and Fourier Transform – Part 2
  3. How to Generate Multivariate Normal Random Numbers in Matlab without Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox
  4. Two Birds with One Tone: I/Q Signals and Fourier Transform – Part 1
  5. Intuitive Reason behind Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

2024 10

  1. AI – An Advanced Civilization or a One-Trick Pony
  2. Rabbits, Foxes and IQ Signals
  3. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
  4. The Power of Pulse Compression
  5. The Easiest Tutorial on Kalman Filter
  6. Why the Constant e Arises in Complex Plane as a Rotation
  7. The Coin Toss Puzzle and the Simplest Possible Solution
  8. Proof of Poisson Sum Formula
  9. The Reason Why the Monty Hall Problem Continues to Perplex Everyone
  10. Physical Layer Network Coding (PNC)

2023 15

  1. Design of a Low-SNR Receiver
  2. FMCW Radar Part 3 – Design Guidelines
  3. FMCW Radar Part 2 – Velocity, Angle and Radar Data Cube
  4. Spectrum of a Sinusoid
  5. FMCW Radar Part 1 – Ranging
  6. How Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Works
  7. Antenna Arrays: Whole is More than its Parts
  8. Design of a Discrete-Time Differentiator
  9. 3 Ways to Approximate atan2( ) in Hardware
  10. Noise is Not Always the Enemy
  11. Top 5 Software Defined Radios (SDR) for RF Experimentation
  12. k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) – A Man is Known by the Company He Keeps
  13. Direct Conversion (Zero-IF) Receiver
  14. FIR vs IIR Filters – A Practical Comparison
  15. Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS)

2022 49

  1. How to Compute SINAD in a Radio Receiver
  2. Frequency Modulation (FM) and Demodulation Using DSP Techniques
  3. Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) Filters – A Staircase of DSP
  4. On Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), 6 dB SNR Gain per Bit, Oversampling and Undersampling
  5. The Heterodyne Principle and the Superheterodyne Receiver
  6. Understanding LoRa PHY (Long-Range Physical Layer)
  7. On TeraHertz (THz) Band for Wireless Communication
  8. QAM Constellations in Digital Communication Standards
  9. An Introduction to mmWave Band
  10. Specifications of a Radio Receiver
  11. Effect of a Sampling Clock Offset on an OFDM Waveform
  12. Why FIR Filters have Linear Phase
  13. Goertzel Algorithm – Evaluating DFT without DFT
  14. Logistic Regression in Machine Learning
  15. Spectral Shift without any Multiplications
  16. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) – A Tutorial
  17. Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems
  18. The Beauty of Symmetry in Fourier Transform
  19. Converting Spatial Diversity into Time and Frequency Diversity
  20. Location Estimation through Differential Phase Difference of Arrival
  21. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Clock Offset
  22. Timing Synchronization in OFDM Systems
  23. An Intuitive Guide to Linear Regression
  24. What is Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)?
  25. Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE Equalizer)
  26. What is Supervised Learning?
  27. Carrier Phase-Based Ranging in Indoor Multipath Channels
  28. A Classification of Equalization Techniques
  29. Carrier and Clock Synchronization in MSK Signals
  30. Channel Estimation in Wireless Communication
  31. Why the Performance of an Equalizer Depends on Symbol Timing Phase
  32. Resolving Phase Ambiguity through Unique Word and Differential Encoding and Decoding
  33. Effect of Timing Mismatch in OFDM Systems
  34. A Visualization of Causality and Stability in z-Transform
  35. On Microchip AT86RF215 Radios
  36. DSP and the Humand Mind
  37. Why Digital Communication is Superior to Analog Communication
  38. Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver
  39. Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM – A Summary
  40. Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CoRDiC)
  41. How Decision Feedback Equalizers (DFE) Work
  42. An Introduction to Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)
  43. Least Mean Square (LMS) Equalizer – A Tutorial
  44. Slow and Fast Fading in Wireless Channels
  45. How Excess Bandwidth Governs Timing Recovery in Digital Communication Systems
  46. Fractional Delay Filters Using the Farrow Structure
  47. Interpolation in Digital Communication Receivers
  48. Effect of Sampling Clock Offset on a Single-Carrier Waveform
  49. Gardner Timing Error Detector: A Non-Data-Aided Version of Zero-Crossing Timing Error Detectors

2021 29

  1. Lock Detectors for Symbol Timing Synchronization
  2. Early-Late Bit Synchronizer in Digital Communication
  3. What are Cycle Slips and Hangup in Phase Locked Loops?
  4. A Beginner’s Guide to Bayesian Methodology
  5. Channel Propagation Effects in mmWave Systems
  6. Free Space Propagation in mmWave Systems
  7. V-BLAST with Successive Interference Cancelation
  8. Linear Detection Algorithms in MIMO Systems
  9. What is the Difference between Analog, Digital and Hybrid Beamforming?
  10. What is Pilot Contamination in Massive MIMO?
  11. Zero-Forcing (ZF) Detection in Massive MIMO Systems
  12. On Massive MIMO, Channel Hardening and Favorable Propagation
  13. Small-Scale Fading in a Wireless Channel
  14. DFT-Precoded OFDM
  15. Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT)
  16. Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
  17. How Do Beams Look Like?
  18. Beamforming for Broadband Signals
  19. Beamforming – Mindfulness of an Antenna Array
  20. How Multiple Antennas Sample the Signal
  21. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) – A Tutorial with an Application to Wireless Systems
  22. Diversity in Wireless Communication Systems
  23. Multiple Antenna Techniques
  24. Generating Signals and Viewing the Spectrum
  25. Convolution and Fourier Transform
  26. Understanding Space-Time Codes: Alamouti Scheme
  27. How Errors Lead to New Discoveries
  28. Machine Learning – The Big Picture
  29. On the Link Between Gardner Timing Error Detector and Early-Late Timing Error Detector

2020 11

  1. CDMA or OFDM
  2. I/Q Signals 101: Neither Complex Nor Complicated
  3. Mueller and Muller Timing Synchronization Algorithm
  4. Why Building an SDR Requires DSP Expertise
  5. Costas Loop for Carrier Phase Synchronization
  6. A Real-Imaginative Guide to Complex Numbers
  7. The Big Picture of Localization
  8. FSK Demodulation in GNU Radio
  9. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) as a Filter Bank
  10. Windowing an OFDM Signal in Time Domain
  11. What is a Symbol Timing Offset and How It Distorts the Rx Signal

2019 3

  1. How to Estimate the Carrier Phase
  2. Effect of Time Shift in Frequency Domain
  3. Basic Signals

2018 2

  1. The Arrival of 6G
  2. Classification of Carrier Frequency Synchronization Techniques

2017 11

  1. A Time-Varying Wireless Channel
  2. Interpreting Time Domain Derivative in Frequency Domain
  3. There and Back Again: Time of Flight Ranging between Two Wireless Nodes
  4. How to Design Nyquist and Square-Root Nyquist Pulse Shaping Filters
  5. Discrete-Time Integrators
  6. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) in a Software Defined Radio (SDR)
  7. What is Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and How It Distorts the Rx Symbols
  8. Moving Average Filter
  9. A Beginner’s Guide to OFDM
  10. Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) – A Tutorial
  11. Basics of Synchronization

2016 41

  1. Impact of Multipath on the Received Signal
  2. What is Carrier Phase Offset and How It Affects the Symbol Detection
  3. The Master Algorithm
  4. Sampling and the Mysterious Scaling Factor
  5. A Unit Impulse in Continuous-Time
  6. The Fundamental Problem of Synchronization
  7. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
  8. Band Edge Filters for Carrier and Timing Synchronization
  9. Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
  10. The Concept of Frequency
  11. A Simple Communication System
  12. Tools for Signal Diagnosis
  13. Discrete Frequency
  14. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
  15. Modulation – From Numbers to Signals
  16. Transforming a Signal
  17. System Characterization
  18. DFT Examples
  19. Non-Data-Aided Carrier Phase Estimation
  20. Convolution
  21. Modulation Bandwidths
  22. Sample Rate Conversion
  23. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for Symbol Timing Recovery
  24. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
  25. Packing More Bits in One Symbol
  26. Correlation
  27. Linear Systems
  28. A Digital Signal
  29. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
  30. How to Detect a Carrier Lock in an SDR
  31. Some DFT Properties
  32. Time-Invariant Systems
  33. Pulse Shaping Filter
  34. Demodulation – From Signals Back to Numbers
  35. Sampling a Continuous-Time Signal
  36. Digital Filter and Square Timing Recovery
  37. Convoluted Correlation between Matched Filter and Correlator
  38. Dealing with Complex Numbers
  39. What is a Signal?
  40. How a Frequency Locked Loop (FLL) Works
  41. Computing Error Rates